Diminished expression of DNA repair service genes disrupts DNA fix. This can be revealed from the determine on the 4th amount with the best. (Inside the determine, red wording implies the central purpose of DNA harm and defects in DNA restore while in the progression to most cancers.) When DNA maintenance is deficient DNA harm stays in cells at the next than normal amount (fifth amount) and leads to increased frequencies of mutation and/or epimutation (6th stage).
Nearby indications may happen due to mass in the tumor or its ulceration. By way of example, mass outcomes from lung most cancers can block the bronchus causing cough or pneumonia; esophageal cancer can cause narrowing on the esophagus, which makes it tough or agonizing to swallow; and colorectal cancer may perhaps cause narrowing or blockages 癌症 within the bowel, influencing bowel routines. Masses in breasts or testicles may develop observable lumps.
良性腫瘤指腫瘤細胞未發生轉移與侵入周遭組織的情形，反之則稱為惡性腫瘤，多數會影響生理功能的腫瘤都是惡性腫瘤。
Cancers commonly arise from an assemblage of mutations and epimutations that confer a selective gain resulting in clonal expansion (see Discipline defects in development to cancer). Mutations, nonetheless, might not be as Regular in cancers as epigenetic alterations.
胆囊、胰腺、肝脏、胃肠等消化系统肿瘤常伴有肝功异常；肾功能异常多出现在肾、膀胱、输尿管、尿路泌尿系统肿瘤。
而根據癌症發展的程度，又可分為零、一、二、三、四期等，及早期與晚期，通常零到一期算是早期，但在不同癌症中每期的定義和治療方法都有所不同，確實的分期仍應參考美國癌症聯合委員會的定義。
Predicting limited- or extensive-term survival relies on lots of variables. A very powerful tend to be the cancer sort along with the patient's age and Total health. Those who are frail with other health problems have reduce survival prices than in any other case wholesome people today. Centenarians are not likely to outlive for 5 years whether or not treatment method is productive.
癌症患者的临床表现与发病部位、大小、有无转移、发展时期等因素有关。病变早期多无显著症状，随病变进展，可出现肿块、疼痛、出血、梗阻等局部症状，以及发热、乏力、贫血、消瘦等全身症状。
雖然癌症症狀的治療並不被視為是癌症的治療方法，但對於癌症病患的生活品質有重要的幫助，也能用來評估病患是否能進一步接受其他治療。儘管所有醫師都能夠使用藥物來減輕或抑制疼痛、噁心、嘔吐、腹瀉、出血及其他癌症患者常見的症狀，舒緩治療的進一步發展對於有這一方面的需求的病患仍然是相當重要的。
確診為癌症後就要進一步做癌症屬於哪一期之分期檢查，觀察是否有轉移，並定期追蹤以免癌症復發，以便醫師擬定治療方向。（延伸閱讀：癌症診斷的目的與方法）
不斷增生的癌細胞撐破腫瘤，癌細胞因而擴散至腫瘤周遭的組織及鄰近的淋巴結甚至更遠處。此時癌細胞流竄於原始病灶附近，必需借助循環全身的化學治療藥物治療。
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消瘦：因肿瘤消耗患者体质、营养摄入不足、并发感染等情况，患者体重不断下降，晚期会极度消瘦。